Three Scientific Fields

The Exploration under The Antarctic: in February of this year, the scientists from russia finally drilled through the ice of East Antarctica, which is about 4000 m thick, after having done efforts for many years, and arrived in a mysterious subglacial lakes - Lake Vostok. Therefore, Russia has become the world's first country, which have a contact with subglacial lakes. This team will be back in Lake Vostok in December, and during which time they plan to bring the ice samples back, hope to find the trace of creature in the lake, and understand how life could survive in extreme environments. The scientific team of U.S. and British also plans to expand exploration of Lake Vostok. Immunotherapy of cancer: the scientific community has recently developed a drug able to be drive the immune cells of body to fight cancer and help a small part of patients plagued by cancer overcome the disease. The researchers predicted that the combination of two different biological immunotherapy will give cancer cells better hits. In 2013, it is expected to see the clinical trials’ results of the joint use combining the two anti-cancer treatments. Basic plant research: the basic plant research is expected to get some results in 2013, such as farmers can use the drought-resistant crops, and the enterprises may start selling the first algae biofuels made from raw materials. In addition, researchers are still exploring the growth factors of plant, which expects to find out the interactive details of the molecular and genetic factors in the growth process. These studies will help to reveal how plants adapt to climate changes through natural variation.

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Biomedical Scientists

Biomedical scientists study a lot and their fields include cancer, diabetes, toxicology studies, blood transfusions, anemia, meningitis, hepatitis and AIDS, these are the medical exploring fields of them. In addition, biomedical scientists also play an important role in the cervical smear screening, viruses and illnesses recognition and the effects of medication and other clinical programs. Biomedical scientists use computers a lot in the daily works and contact with high-precision instruments, microscopes and other high-tech lab equipments. They have extensive knowledge and are familiar with the operation of complex high-tech instruments. So what is the prospects of jobs for Biomedical scientists? Biomedicine is constantly innovating, energetic and has broad prospects for employment. It has a connection of the fields like: management, scientific research, education and specialized laboratory work. Biomedicine is the symbol which applied science knowledge into practice. It also plays an important role in health care work and can bring a sense of accomplishment at work. The professional skills of the biomedical scientists are recognized all over the world. Even if it has all the advantages above, the truth is it hard to find a job. One of the most essential reasons is that it is a developing major and the industry of biomedicine is on the growth. So when you go to the job market, the preparation of not finding a suitable job is needed. And for sure, the project will the most attractive major in the next several decades. Whatever the job is in your hand, you just need to do it well and make sure that you take it seriously. Finally, you will be great.

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The Introduction of Immunocytochemistry

Immunocytochemistry is based on the principles of immunology, using antibodies binding with specific antigens and antigen location determining technology. Antigen is macromolecular or combination of small molecules and macromolecules. Antibody is the γ-globulin that is the specific antigen secretion released by plasma cells. If the antibody binds on the marker and reacts with the antigen in the tissue, the site of the antigen present in the tissue can be displayed in the light microscope or an electron microscope. The commonly used markers are fluoresceins and enzymes. Immunofluorescent technique is the fluorescein-labeled fluorescent. The most used fluorescein are fluorescein isothiocyanate and rhodamine. Enzyme-labeled antibody method is the enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay. The commonly used enzymes are horseradish peroxidase and the opaque deposits which is formed after the reaction of enzyme and substrate, thus showing the presence of an antigen of site. The antibodies and antigen-binding method can be divided into the direct method and the indirect method, the direct method is the reaction of the labeled antibody and an antigen, which shows the portion of the antigen. The indirect rule is on the basis of the primary reaction of the antibody-antigen and then have a reaction of the labeled secondary antibody and the primary antibody. So that the primary reaction can be magnified and shows the enhancements. This is the summary of the Immunocytochemistry, which can tell the starters the basic knowledge of the biological medication. And if you want to know more about it, you can buy some how-to books. Giving great efforts, you will be the professor of this area. 

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The Origin of Cell

Paleontologists told us that a cell was born about 3.6 billion years ago. Biological meanings are not only about the origin of life and the study of the origin of the cells, but also about the scientific cosmology. The origin of the cell consists of three aspects; (1)the origin of the eukaryotic cells of all eukaryotes; ②the life of origin associated with the origin of prokaryotic cells; ③doctrine of the latest developments in the three realms, the origin of ancient nucleated cells. The origin of life should be traced back to the origin of the elements and chemical molecules related to life. Thus, the origin of life should be told about from the beginning of the formation of the universe, by the so-called "big bang" of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other major elements of the building blocks of life. The Milky Way had a big explosion occurred about 6.6 billion years ago, debris and undisciplined substances after a long period of agglutination, which is about 4.6 billion years ago to form the solar system. As a part in the solar system, The Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago as well. Then, the icy nebulosity released a lot of gravitational potential energy which converted into kinetic energy, thermal energy, resulting in elevated temperatures, plusing the Earth's internal heat of radioactive elements to the warming effect, so the early Earth was a molten state. The substances of the earth with high temperature split during rotating process, the heavy elements sink to the center condensed into the Earth's core, mantle and crust constituted of lighter substance, then a circle structure emerged gradually. This process needs a long time.  

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The Summarize of Chromosome

As the parental generation can deliver its DNA in the chromosome form to the offspring. It maintains the stationary and consistency of species. Most people thought the chromosome makes the most effect in the genetic. The amount of DNA carried by each chromosome in the same species is a constant. But there is great difference of between the different chromosomes and different species, ranging from millions and billions. There are about 128 millions nucleotide scontent and the species of the protein forming the chromosome is steady. For the reason of the DNA mainly inside the chromosome, and the chromosome is the major carrier of the genetic material. In the middle of 19^th century, the basic element of life was first discovered by the cell biologists in the help of the optical microscope. Not only they noted the whole process of the division of the eucell, they also found out the border of the cytoplasm and caryon. They observed that the rodlike in the caryon can be dyed and named it chromosome. Generally, people can see these structures with optical microscope only in the process of mitosis. Chromosome do have a great importance in the human inheritance. It provides the stationary heredity of the next generation. Once it has some problems, the order of the heredity will be in a mass, some unexpected situations will happen. The chromosome is inside the nucleolus of the eucell. It is a tiny linear structure. It was called line of life because heredity is controlled by it.  

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The Outline of Molecular Biology

Here is the definition of medical molecular biology .Dividing it into three levels:the molecular level ,the matrix level ,the main level .And molecular biology seeks to explain the relationships between the structure and function of biological molecules and how these relationships contribute to the operation and control of biochemical processes .”molecular biology is the study of genes and their activities at the molecular level ,including transcription ,translation ,DNA replication ,recombination and translocation .”said by Robert Weaver .The central dogma is that DNA is transcribed into RNA ,then RNA is translated into protein .Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics and the main milestone of the development of the molecular biology .His experiment of the pea is known by many people .People have a better recognition of the shape heredity by the discipline of Mendel ,and the gene theory of Morgan make a further step of the connection of shape and gene ,so does become the milepost of the molecular inheritance .In 1868 ,Miescher found nuclein and nucleic acid .In 1910 ,Albrecht Kossel made through his work on proteins ,including the nucleic substances .This is just part of the history and molecular biology is still developing.  

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A novel about gene

《 Silent genes 》 before be a paper book, the network has been popular for a while. Some people exclaim: "this is a good story can be sold to Hollywood ".
Author Huang is a doctor of molecular biology in Harvard University. He has been long engaged in biomedical research and development work. And he got a little success in the aspects of human gene sequences. The novel is adapted by Huang’s true story of his study in the United States. A group of overseas students to the United States participated in the " write the dream plan " under the guidance of their tutor. The plan extracts people's dreams and memories through dream recorder and transform into the image by the machine. strange things happen one after another The test process.
In suspense story consecutively occurring, at the same time Huang tell a little-known concept by the novel: silence gene expression is not functional protein gene sequence. Each person's body is a gene sequence, when it does not express, you all still, when it is no longer silent, you may become another person.Recombinant cytokines
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